How Many African Countries Are Landlocked

Out of Africa’s 55 countries, 16 of them are landlocked: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In other words, about a third of the continent is made up of countries that have no access to the ocean or sea.  Of Africa’s landlocked countries, 14 of them are ranked â€Å"low†Ã‚  on the  Human Development Index  (HDI), a statistic that takes into account factors such as life expectancy, education, and income per capita. Why Does Being Landlocked Matter? A country’s level of access to water can have an enormous effect  on its economy. Being landlocked is more problematic for importing and exporting goods because it is much cheaper to transport products over water than over land.  Land transport  also takes longer. These factors make it more difficult for landlocked countries to participate in the global economy, and landlocked nations thus grow more slowly than countries that have water access.   Transit Costs Because of decreased access to trade, landlocked countries are often cut off from selling and purchasing goods.  The  fuel prices that they have to pay and the amount of fuel they have to use to move goods and people are higher as well.  Cartel control  among the companies that truck the goods can make shipping prices artificially high. Dependence on Neighboring Countries In theory, international treaties should guarantee countries access to oceans, but it is not always this easy. â€Å"Transit states†Ã¢â‚¬â€those with access to coasts—determine how to implement these treaties. They call the shots at granting shipping or port access to their landlocked neighbors, and if the governments are  corrupt, that can add an extra layer of cost or delays in shipping goods, including border and port bottlenecks,  tariffs, or customs regulations problems. If their neighbors infrastructure isnt well developed or border crossings are  inefficient, that adds to the problems of the landlocked country and the slowdown.  When their goods finally do make it to port, they wait longer to get their goods  out  of port as well, let alone getting to the port in the first place. If the neighboring country is unsettled or at war, transportation for the landlocked countrys goods could be impossible through that neighbor and its water access be much further afield—a span of years.   Infrastructure Problems   It is  difficult for landlocked nations to build infrastructure and attract any outside investment in infrastructure projects that would allow easy border passage.  Depending on a landlocked nations geographic location, goods coming from there may have to travel long distances over poor infrastructure just to reach the neighbor with the coastal shipping access, let alone travel through that country to arrive at the coast.  Poor infrastructure and issues with borders can lead to unpredictability in logistics and thus harm  the countrys companies ability to compete in the global marketplace.   Problems in Moving People Poor infrastructure of landlocked nations hurts tourism from outside nations, and international tourism is one of the worlds largest industries. But the lack of access to easy transit in and out of a country can have even worse effects; in times of natural disaster or violent regional conflict, escape is much more difficult for residents of landlocked nations.

The Foundational Concept Of The Renaissance - 1240 Words

The foundational concept of the Renaissance was humanism during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. Humanism started in the capital city of Florentine (Florence), which is in the Italian region of Tuscany. Studia humanitatis (studies of humanity), is a latin term coined during the Renaissance period and was used by Cicero and other Roman writers. Studia humanitatis consisted of five subjects: (i.) grammar, (ii.) rhetoric, (iii.) history, (iv.) poetry, (v.) moral philosophy. Francesco Petrarca, also known as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet who lived in Florence. He was the one who restored Cicero’s idea of humanism. Petrarch’s works were spread widely throughout Italy in cities like Florence, Milan, Padua, and Naples. From Petrarch’s works being spread all across Italy, humanist learning started to form political ideologies. Thus, Petrarch was known as the Father of Humanism. The works of Petrarch influenced the rise of â€Å"Civic Humanists†. C ivic humanism developed in Florence circa 1390-1450. Hans Baron, who was a scholar of the late medieval and modern Italian history, studied the Italian Renaissance and more specifically the question of civic humanism. Around 1928 he introduced the term civic humanism. Civic humanism emerged in the era of the Renaissance and was influenced by the governmental forms and texts of Cicero and other Roman writers. Civic humanism was constructed around the ideas of civic virtue, civic society, and mixed government. Bruno states thatShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance As An Age Of Gold1864 Words   |  8 PagesThe renaissance was period of rebirth in Europe in the 14th to 17th century that began to change the views of philosophy, politics, and arts. This was a significant change that was spread throughout Europe and shaped everyone’s views. 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As technology progresses more forms of video editing are being introduced Free Essays

As technology progresses more forms of video editing are being introduced, with this comes the easier and more intelligent way of creating suspense during a film, or for sections and events in a film or on Television. There are a number of factors that influence the way in which suspense is created, these are, camera angles shots, sound, lighting and finally editing. All of these factors combined create a very professional and effective way of suspense being built up. We will write a custom essay sample on As technology progresses more forms of video editing are being introduced or any similar topic only for you Order Now Camera angles shots are effective on their own as well as being backed up by sound and lighting. There are many forms of camera angles that are used for different events, for example, a Long Shot (LS) would not be used to show the emotion of someone, to show the emotion and make an effective sequence an Extreme Close-Up (ECU) would be used. The same goes for when a high authority figure is being portrayed. To make someone look powerful a Low Angle Shot (looking upwards at the object) would be used to create a feeling that the viewer is smaller and less powerful that the object that is being portrayed. Sound is used as a form of backing device, which basically supports the camera. There are 4 types of sound, Dialogue, sound effects, ambient sounds and Non-diegetic sounds (especially music). Lighting does more than ‘lighting up and area’, lighting is referred to in two manors, Realist light and Expressive light. Realist light is used to simulate reality, it has worked if you haven’t noticed it being used, and Expressive Lighting is to set the mood or affect our view of a character or an incident. There are three main points of light, Key light, fill light and back light. Key if the main light source on set, Fill removes shadows and Back defines figures outline. Finally there comes editing, there are two main forms of film editing, they are called Continuity Editing and MTV Styles Editing. Features of continuity editing are the 180 and 30-degree rule, shot/reverse shot for dialogue and match cutting. Features of MTV Style Editing are side-steps traditional narrative, more concerned with establishing mood or feeling. There are a few reasons why people distinguish between the two types of editing, it helps focus attention on the editing process and also opens up helpful ways of looking at short forms like adverts and music video. The Untouchables was set in the year 1930, and America pays heavy price for its experiment with Prohibition. Illegal, yet lucrative business of bootlegging made Al Capone (played by Robert de Niro) the undisputed leader of the Chicago underworld and most powerful man in the city. However, despite his public businessman personality, Capone keeps his supremacy by brutal violence, not caring about the lives of innocent people. After a small girl died in one of such incidents. The Federal Government decided to stop the violence by creating a special task force. The force was led by Eliot Ness (played by Kevin Costner). His debut raid on Capone’s warehouse ends up as an embarrassing fiasco, and Ness now knows that he can’t rely on notoriously corrupt local police. The rare exception among Chicago cops is old Malone (played by Sean Connery), who lost his career because of his honesty. Ness gets the idea to create a new unit of few, yet capable and reliable lawmen that would battle Capone’s all-powerful organisation. He and Malone recruited two more men – Treasury accountant Oscar Wallace (played by Charles Martin Smith) and Chicago rookie policeman George Stone (Andy Garcia) – and they started hitting Capone’s operations hard, earning the nickname ‘The Untouchables’ by the press that were following them as they started crushing Capone. The extract in which I am examining for the build up of suspense is the part of the film where Eliot Ness and his partner are waiting at the train station for ‘The Bookkeeper’. Eliot Ness and his partner (both being police officers) arrive at Grand Central Station at five minutes to midnight to intercept the departure of ‘The Bookkeeper’ who is due to travel on the five past twelve train to Miami. As the police officers take up their ‘ambush’ positions the beginning of the suspense sequence begins. By this I mean that with them taking up their positions it in a way makes the viewer think, ‘hey, what’s going to happen here? ‘ As the officers take up their positions the sound of footsteps is amplified (made louder and more noticeable) than that of the normal sounds within a train station. There is also the sound of a large group of people speaking and having a general chitchat. The camera movement between these separate events is frequent yet timed in a way to keep the viewers brain in motion. There are a number of low angle shots, which cause the detectives to look vulnerable as if they are in danger. As a mother and her baby enter the shot, wanting to go up the stairs with a big pram and suitcase. The mother is struggling to move all on her own. Elliot Ness sees the mother struggling, and knows that if she doesn’t get out of there soon she is danger of being shot. Once the mother and baby enter a lullaby starts playing in the background, as if to exaggerate the innocence of the baby and it’s mother. All of the camera shots of the mother and baby are from a bird’s eye perspective. As the mother starts to take the pram and suitcase up the stairs, the baby starts crying. As the mother tries to stop the baby crying the camera jumps in a rapid motion between the baby, Elliot Ness and the clock. The clock is showing the time of about two minutes to twelve. You see the mother and baby from Elliot’s point of view (from his line of sight), which shows the mother and baby not only to be innocent but very vulnerable to the violence that is very probable to happen within the next three to four minutes. At this point there is a considerable amount of suspense that has been built up with the camera constantly flickering between a helpless baby, a struggling mother, a detective poised to shoot people and a clock showing how very little time there is until the gangsters arrive with The Bookkeeper. At this point Elliot, as a natural reaction to help the mother, leaves his ‘ambush’ position and runs down the stairs to help the mother take the baby up the stairs. As he runs towards her he hides his gun so not to alarm her that something dreadful is about to happen. As he goes to help the viewer feels a small sense of relief that the mother and baby are going to fine and unharmed yet there is still the possibility that the gangsters are about to arrive at any minute. As Elliot starts helping the mother orchestral yet dramatic music begins along with the sound of a train. When Elliot is about half way up the stairs the dramatic music becomes louder as he stops. As a man enters the station and stands at the door, there is a high angle shot on Elliot, camera focuses on Elliot and the baby and then the people entering the station. Then a man with a strap on his nose enters the station and stands there smiling. At this point very dramatic music starts playing and the lullaby stops; the camera zooms in for an extreme close up of the gangster’s eyes and Elliot’s face. Elliot draws his gun and shoots this man, as Elliot shoots him he lets go of the pram and the baby and pram start falling down the stairs. There is then lots of shooting and gunshots stand out over all other sounds. The picture starts moving in slow motion, you can hear the prams wheels creaking as the pram starts dropping down the stairs which is the shot twice. You then see the mother screaming but can’t hear her. Elliot and his partner shoot and kill all the gangsters and keep the Bookkeeper alive. Elliot’s partner then runs across and throws up a gun to Elliot, as Elliot’s shotgun was empty, as his partner dives and saves the baby’s pram Elliot shoots the last gangster. It is still unknown whether the baby is alive or not. As Elliot’s partner saves the pram and chaos is restored to normality the lullaby starts again indicating that the baby is ok and then you see a camera shot of the baby. The sequence between the gangster entering and Elliot’s partner saving the babies pram is the climax of the suspense that has been built up by all of the camera’s jumping. During this sequence of scenes there has been alot of MTV Style editing that has taken place. This is because of all the jump cuts that have been used between each picture. A study of how suspense is used in an extract from the film ‘The untouchables’ How to cite As technology progresses more forms of video editing are being introduced, Essays

Breast Implants Essay Research Paper Breast ImplantsWhy free essay sample

Breast Implants Essay, Research Paper Breast Implants Why do adult females acquire breast implants? Do the chest implants make them experience good about themselves? Breast implants are a serious menace because, there are many hazards involved, there are many upsets that are possible, and there are unwellnesss that you could gimmick after the operation. Harmonizing to Marian Segal, many of the adult females who have had breast implants wear t precisely what is in there organic structure. Silicone contains organic compounds, which have the physical belongingss of oils, rosins or gum elastic, and which are more stable when exposed to heat and O thanordinary organic substances. This is the same material that goes into your organic structure doing you think that you look good ( MS Bookshelf ) . There are many processs that need to be followed in order to acquire an application for silicone inflatable chests ( MS Encarta ) . There are assorted trial, experimentation, and ratings that need to be done ( # 8221 ; Student Handbook # 8221 ; ) . The most of import 1s are the ; Chemical Characterization, Pharmacokinetic Studies. These are all trials that the Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery Devices Branch Division of General Restorative Devicess and the Office Of Device Evaluation all require ( ODE paperss 6 ) . The Chemical Characterization, is an of import trial. It does all of the followers. If fiction of the device involves bring arounding of polymeric constituents by chemical crosslinking, so informations set uping should be provided. This may be done by a assorted methods, for illustration: Measurement of Young s modulus at low strain, as this is about relative to crosslink denseness. Measurement of equilibrium puffiness of the polymeric constituent by a good dissolver. Determination of the sum of unapproachable crosslinker from its concentration in the entire extractible ( ODE paperss 6 ) . Pharmacokinetic or biodegradation surveies of all stuffs contained in the finished sterilised device must be reported. Of particular concern are inquiries sing the ultimate destiny, measures, variety meats deposition, paths of elimination, and possible clinical significance of silicone sloughing, keeping, and migration. It would be good if every adult female would inquire inquiries about all that information ( ODE paperss 8 ) . There are besides many upsets that are possible. A individual can endure from: general anaesthesia, every bit good as sickness, purging and febrility. Infection, hemotoma are besides possible. ( aggregation of blood that causes: swelling hurting and brushing. ) Besides really unsafe is the skin necrosis- when the tissue dies and blood flow doesn T get to the tegument. This can be caused by smoke, Cortone Acetate like drugs, implant that are excessively big for the available infinite ( Segal 4 ) . Autoimmune-like upsets are upsets which # 8211 ; marks include joint hurting and puffiness ; stringency of the tegument, inflammation or swelling. Swelling of custodies and pess are besides possible. A roseola, conceited secretory organs or lymph nodes ; unusual weariness ; general ache. There is besides a greater opportunity of acquiring colds, viruses and grippe. Unusual hair loss, memory jobs may besides happen. Headaches, musculus failing or combustion, sickness or emesis ; and cranky intestine syndrome. Recent surveies have shown, nevertheless, that there is non a big increased hazard of traditional autoimmune, or connective tissue disease, from silicone gel implants every bit good as for saline. Fibrosis or fibromyalgia-like upsets ( hurting, tenderness and stiffness of musculus, sinews and ligaments. ) These are all portion of these upsets ( Segal 5 ) . A portion from the upsets, there are besides many hazard involved in this operation. There could be possible complications of general anaesthesia, every bit good as sickness, purging and febrility. Hemorrhage ( unnatural hemorrhage ) , thrombosis ( unnatural curdling ) . This are all possible hazards during the surgical process ( Segal 5 ) . Capsular contracture ( indurating if the chest due to mark tissue ) , leak or rupture # 8211 ; silicone implants may leak or tear easy, let go ofing silicone gel into environing tissue ; saline implants may tear all of a sudden and deflate, normally necessitating immediate remotion or replacing. Temporary or lasting alteration or loss of esthesis of the mammilla or chest tissue is possible. Formation of Ca sedimentations in environing tissue, perchance doing hurting and hardening. These are all hazards from an implant ( Segal 5 ) . Intervention with mammography readings, perchance detaining chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing by concealing a leery lesion. Besides, it may be hard to separate Ca sedimentations formed in the cicatrix tissue from a tumour when in construing the mammogram. When doing an assignment for a mammogram, the adult female should state the scheduler she has implants to do certain qualified forces are on-site. At the clip of the mammogram she should besides remind the technician she has implants before the process is done, do the technician can utilize particular techniques to obtain the best mammogram and to avoid tearing the implants. ( Segal 5 ) . Breasts implants are really expensive. They besides have many complications. There are excessively many hazards involved. There are besides excessively many side affects and upsets. Merely make what is good for you and what your bosom desires.